Does ‘Better’ corporate governance cause better firm performance? Essay

An examination had been created and said that exhibition are influenced either the executed administration is fortunate or unfortunate: †¦ In rundown, our outcomes are as per the following. To start with, we don't discover essentially unique firm execution between firms with â€Å"good† changes in administration and firms with â€Å"bad† changes in administration, aside from disengaged occurrences. This outcome holds for all the three examples (I. e. the Moderate Performance test, the Abnormally Bad Performance test and the Abnormally Good Performance test). Second, both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in administration are trailed by positive just as negative changes in industry-balanced execution. Without a doubt, over half of the organizations with â€Å"good† administration changes show negative industry-balanced execution. Third, we locate that both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† changes in administration lead to critical changes in execution. In this manner, on the off chance that one confines the examination to just â€Å"good† changes in administration or just â€Å"bad† changes in administration, one would inaccurately presume that adjustments in administration lead to changes in execution. Fourth, we see that various firms fluctuate in bearings of administration changes when they experience a similar course in execution changes. An equivalent firm additionally regularly at the same time changes its distinctive administration attributes in clashing ways (I. e. both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† administration changes). Last, our measure for Aggregate Governance Change affirms the main outcome for singular administration measure that the organizations with â€Å"good† changes in administration don't have preferable execution over the organizations with â€Å"bad† changes in administration. Our outcomes present solid proof against the invalid speculation that â€Å"better† administration causes better firm execution. Note that our outcomes don't suggest that administration is unimportant. Rather, it infers that organizations are endogenously enhancing their administration structure in light of noticeable and imperceptible firm qualities. These outcomes are reliable with the strand of the writing that has demonstrated every administration instrument to be identified with perceptible and undetectable firm qualities. The announcement demonstrates that all choices and change makes an impact a business. This anyway implies each day, new test may confront the organization. It is typical for requests, and clashes to occur. What is significant is the administration and the association all in all would remain as one and face all the difficulties with an inspirational viewpoint to tackle it. From the examination that we’ve directed, the essayist presumed that the fundamental driver of business disappointment are the management’s carelessness, inappropriate arranging. Leading great and terrible administration the two causes changes in an association so it’s better to be alert in all occasions. Dynamic ought to be done cautiously and the association ought to pick the individuals who they will trust. Suggestions Having all the various variables of organization disappointments and the encounters of the UK Industry Company and MISnet Inc. , the essayist suggest that the top administration ought not underestimate the requirements of the organization for allowed yet they ought to likewise be cautious in giving. Choices ought to be done mind. The monetary limit should consistently be observed and all offices should consistently be alert in all occasions. The administration ought to urge the laborers to work with enthusiasm, be faithful to the organization and work hand and hand to accomplish all the objectives that the organization has. It is additionally significant that the individuals working in the organization can do their relegated set of working responsibilities. Laborers are the company’s working hand. It is an absolute necessity that the laborers are at their best to bring the best item that the organization needs to have. Venture has been consistently a piece of life in an organization. With regards to individuals speculation, the organization must be certain that going through cash for an individual must merit paying for. Thus, the organization must be cautious about picking the correct individuals to trust and the ideal individuals for a specific activity. Documentation is consistently an absolute necessity. Never let any circumstance occur with no documentation. All reports and exchanges must be finished with papers and with the PIC’s (Person in Charge) mark to make it much progressively legitimate and incredible in gatherings and understandings. Indeed, even significant discussions must be recorded and reported to guarantee understanding between parties. Gatherings are likewise significant and spread of data is an absolute necessity. Memoranda ought to consistently be scattered to all representatives. Order has been an issue in all organizations. The organization must authorize an exacting and reasonable guideline and strategies that the representatives must do so as to sort out an organization. Make them come in the organization on schedule and finish their work quick. After some time on work isn't an estimation of value administration, it just show two things: its either the specialist can’t handle too many work in light of weight or performing multiple tasks or the laborer can’t finish the work on time since he/she squandered it. The organization ought to consistently have an opportunity to get better. Benchmarking or organization perception is a major assistance to improve the company’s regular work process and condition. Individuals used to contrast one thing with another. Make it a positive method of overhauling the organization. Have a gathering of confided in individuals to help the organization to make upgrades. Finally, an organization must have an objective or mission. No organization must have a motivation to anticipate. Set a progression of mission, vision, the company’s duty, basic beliefs and standards with the goal that the laborers will live by the company’s standards and for the company’s objective. There are arrangement of ways and estimations that should be possible through quality reviews, and gatherings. Actualize great information the executives and all division the executives. Some investigator says that most business falls flat after its 8 years of activity it despite everything relies upon the collaboration of the individuals in an association and its readiness to endure. Reference Websites N. K. Chidambaran, Darius Palia , Yudan Zheng , Does ‘Better ‘Corporate Governance Cause Better Firm Performance? , [2006], <http://www. fma. organization/SLC/Papers/gov_perf_cpz_2006.pdf> saw on 28 January 2008. Greg Bustin, ‘Why Companies Fail? Assume responsibility! How Leaders Profit From Change’ [2005], <http://www. bustin. com/ourfirm/news/releases/bulletin_august05. pdf> saw on 28 January 2008. Susan M. Heathfield, ‘Performance Management Process Checklist’ < http://humanresources. about. com/od/performancemanagement/a/perfmgmt. htm > saw on 27 January 2008 ‘Management’, Wikipedia, the free reference book <ttp://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Business_management> saw on 28 January 2008. NEERAJ BHARGAVA, ‘Good Governance is Good Business’, The Wall Street Journal, [2006] < http://on the web. wsj. com/article/SB115671755403846763-search. html? KEYWORDS=Good+Governance&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month > saw on 29 January 2008 ‘Good Governance’ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia <http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Good_governance> saw on 28 January 2008 Herb Greenberg â€Å"Corporate Governance as a ‘Risk Factor’. Discovering Relationship among Performance and a company’s leading body of directors† [2007] < http://www. marketwatch. com/news/story/weighing-chance elements awful corporate/story.aspx? guid=%7B55BF9816-8CC4-4570-8D6D-13EBD531F5CE%7D > saw on 28 January 2008 ‘Process Audit’ <http://elsmar. com/Audit/sld052. htm> saw on 27 January 2008 Customer Audit < http://www. understanding. co. uk/customeraudit. htm > saw on 27 January 2008 ‘Final Assembly Supplier Audit Report’ < http://pictures. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Final_Assembly_Audit. pdf > (2007) saw on 28 January 2008 West Cumbria Council for Voluntary Service, ‘Effective Meetings’ (2005) < http://www. westcumbriacvs. organization. uk/docs/FactSheet4. pdf> saw on 28 January 2008. Books Terry Collison â€Å"How to Write an Effective Business Plan in Just Three Hours†, 1993 Paul Todd, ‘Swot Equity and Trust (Swot)’(Gaunt; 5Rev Ed version (October 1996)) Jeffrey Abrahams, ‘The Mission Statement Book: 301 Corporate Mission Statements from America’s Top Companies’ (TEN SPEED PRESS; Rev Sub release (1999)) ARTICLES Evangeline Santos ‘How Failures Happen’ IT Tribune (Philippines December 2007) Bruce G. Posner ‘Why Companies Fail’ Inc. com Magazine (June 1993) Manuel Toledo ‘Coping With Business Failure: A Kaizen Approach’ Ginto (Philippines 2004) Term Papers. Hubert Ooghe, Sofie De Prijcker ‘Failure procedure and reasons for organization bankruptcy’ (Universiteit Gent) Wayne L. Welsh CPA, ‘Best Practices For Good Management’ Office of the Legislative Author General (2001) R Massey, J Widdows, K Bhattacharya, R Shaw, D Hart, D Law, W Hawes, ‘Insurance Company Failure’ < http://www. statisticians. organization. uk/records/pdf/giro2002/Massey. pdf > saw on 28 January 2008 Conference John Hunter, Natalia Isachenkova ‘Aggregate Economy Risk and Company Failure: An Examination of the UK Quoted Firms in the Early 1990s’ Department of Economics and Finance’ (Brunel University).

Newscasters :: essays research papers

Commentators are a major piece of who and what America is today. The reporters affect what America does, and when they do it. All things considered, it isn't something that occurs without any forethought. It takes a ton of experience to turn into an anchorperson to the general population. Â Â Â Â Â A news analyst will impact the open that will represent the moment of truth a morning, evening, or night. The meteorologist will assist individuals with being set up for the day ahead. While, the sportscaster tells which group won or lost and who got marked and let go. On-the-scene anchorpersons determine what's going on at that moment. All things considered, the stays unite everything by introducing the news at5am, 6am, 7am, early afternoon, and 5pm. At the point when they all meet up America comprehends what is happening, which is the thing that you need. Â Â Â Â Â In request to illuminate America, a reporter must have school understanding just as hands on understanding. At the point when a hopeful reporter comes out of school, they don't turn into a news analyst right away. Many become columnists or studies. Some may understand that they need something different and change occupations. Turning into a reporter and illuminating the general population, is something that takes understanding and skill. Anything can occur, and anchorpersons should be readied. Â Â Â Â Â The pressure on news analysts is extremely extraordinary. They have to report reality and many need to change the perspective on news analysts. The media by and large have the generalization of being pushy, irritating, and untruthful. Revealing actually key. The writers who examine the data are under an enormous measure of strain to ensure the data is right. Along these lines, both America is upbeat, and afterward so are the commentators.

Tropical Cyclones and Drought Essays

Tropical Cyclones and Drought Essays Tropical Cyclones and Drought Essay Tropical Cyclones and Drought Essay Exposition Topic: The Year Of the Flood Australia is notable for its cataclysmic events including BushFires, Floods, Droughts and Tropical Cyclones. The serious calamities being Tropical Cyclones and Droughts. A tornado is a huge scope, environmental breeze and weight framework portrayed by low weight at its middle and by flowing movement, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.An case of a tropical typhoon is Australias deadliest one yet which happened on the fourth of March 1899 when a twister hit a pearling armada in Bathurst Bay and caused an enormous tempest flood representing 307 known fatalities and tropicals lows of flooding. A dry season is a time of dry climate, particularly a long one that harmful to crops. A case of a dry spell in Australia is one which endured 12 years murdering a lot of Australias widely varied vegetation and annihilating a lot of land. Tropical Cyclones:Tropical Cyclones are a terrible circumstance to be in they have numerous effects and outcomes that accompany the dread of this cataclysmic event. The effects of Tropical Cyclones remember floods for the streets, in homes and in structures, avalanches on slopes in trench and slopes, not having the option to drive as of over the top water. The effects of this debacle cause ruin, dissatisfaction and worry for a considerable lot of the towns tenants and residents. Alongside the effects of the catastrophe comes the consequences.Consequences of Tropical Cyclones can be ordered into three areas the first being the results to individuals, the second being the outcomes to the earth and the last being the ramifications for the Australian Eco nomy. The outcomes to individuals incorporate demise, injury and loss of relatives significance drop in populace and grief to numerous residents in the network. The results to the earth incorporate loss of land, loss of greenery and loss of homes devastated through the violent wind. The results or the Australian Economy incorporate gift to the affected network or town to help modify the government assistance, homes, land and building which showed up before the calamity. Different ramifications for the economy incorporate discounted salary for organizations influenced by harm coming about because of the violent wind, ranchers experience the ill effects of harvest harm or animals misfortunes, and on Australias eastern coast, this explicitly impacts Australias particular tropical natural product industry, nearby organizations may have building harm and lose a portion of their produce.This drives up costs of merchandise and supplies since they must be acquired from further away, so the organiz ations need to pay more for transportation costs at times, organizations close down and individuals are left jobless, the travel industry stops for the present moment, there are huge costs now and again a huge number of dollars associated with modifying framework and harmed structures. Despite the fact that this may not appear as though a serious deal it plainly is as it costs a ton of cash to help proceed onward from this occurrence.Many individuals everywhere throughout the nation of the influenced region assists with overseeing and recuperate and come back to typical life. Numerous administration procedures are set up to help build up the network influenced. Procedures, for example, gifts from various states, urban areas and establishments are made and charitable effort is utilized as a methodology to help construct building. Dry seasons: Droughts are an alarming and distressing circumstance to be in as they have numerous effects and results that accompany the dread of this shock ing characteristic disaster.The effects of Droughts can regularly have a critical monetary ramifications, especially for the farming network, I n request for horticulture to be fruitful, a pattern measure of water is required. At the point when a dry spell happens, this benchmark can't be met. Domesticated animals and harvests bite the dust, prompting diminished yield and lost profit for ranchers. A portion of the ventures straightforwardly influenced by dry spell incorporate meat, grain, cotton, dairy, sugar, other food items and fleece. Alongside the effects of the fiasco comes the consequences.Consequences of Droughts can be placed into three segments the first being the outcomes to individuals, the second being the results to the earth and the last being the ramifications for the Australian Economy. The results to individuals are starvation, death toll, demise, loss of land, loss of horticulture and loss of vegetation. The outcomes to the earth remember splits for the land, pass ing to plant and animal life, destroying of homes and loss of water.The ramifications for the Australian Economy is the log jam in the economy development because of the drop in cultivating yield as key harvest creation falls 1/3 because of misfortune water. In spite of the fact that this may not appear as though a major result however it unmistakably is as this implies not import or fare of merchandise from our or different nations. I unequivocally accept that Tropical Cyclones and Floods greaterly affect Australia than dry spells as these cataclysmic events cause more harm through death, loss of land and drop in widely varied vegetation instead of what a dry spell can achieve.

The Declining Role of Justice in Athenian Government - Literature Essay Samples

Thucydides set out to narrate the history of what he believed would be a great war, one requiring both great power and great leadership. Although he measured greatness through both economic and military prowess, Thucydides dictated the history of the Peloponnesian War through a multitude of magnificent speeches by major figures in Greece to show the impact of political leadership on the outcome of the war. Leadership was especially vital in Athens due to the democratic nature of its government: the city’s leaders were elected by the people and therefore reflected the mentality of the city-state and its citizens. The development of the Athenian empire marked a radical departure from Hellenistic tradition, and the construction of a powerful navy, as well as the timing of the Persian invasion, provided Athens the opportunity to become the major force in the Mediterranean. Thucydides distinctly discusses the roles of Athenian leaders in the expansion of the Athenian empire, from P ericles to Alcibiades, in order to emphasize the decline of morality and justice in Athens. Thucydides clearly points out the consequences of the weaker quality of leadership in Athens, but does not specify what sparked the moral deterioration of Athenian government. With this in mind, one must question what caused the qualitative decline of the city’s leaders. At the Second Lacedaemonian Congress, Athenians argued it was inevitable that they would seize a chance to build an empire when given the opportunity, contending, â€Å"It has always been the law that the weaker should be subject to the stronger.† (I.76.2) Nevertheless, their conclusion relating the principles and actions of an empire to Athenian morale reflected a statewide belief that â€Å"praise is due to all who†¦respect justice more than their position compels them to.† (I.76.3) Prewar Athens did not view an empire as just merely through the use of power; instead, they clearly distinguished between the two and believed that a powerful empire provided an opportunity for justice to reign supreme in the mindsets of its citizens. Thucydides viewed Pericles as â€Å"the best man of all for the needs of the state† because of his ability to instill this distinction in the Athenian citizens. (II.65.4) Pericles saw Athens’ wealth and power as a means for political freedom and cultural growth. By stating, â€Å"We cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy; wealth we employ more for use than for show,† he was able to dissuade Athenian citizens’ interest in personal gain, replacing it with interests in justice and cultural advancement. He pushed this notion even further by claiming that it was still in the interest of the wealthy to maintain democracy even when civil unrest (due to the plague) threatened to destroy Athens’ fragile political balance: I am of the opinion that national greatness is more to the advan tage of private citizens than any individual well-being coupled with public humiliation. A man may be personally ever so well off, and yet if his country is ruined he must be ruined with it; whereas a flourishing commonwealth always affords chances of salvation to unfortunate individuals. Since then a state can support the misfortunes of private citizens, while they cannot support hers, it is surely the duty of everyone to be forward in her defense. (II.60.1-5) Pericles argued that the wealthy benefit from democracy and patriotism because it provided them with a sense of security: the opportunity for public greatness always existed even if one was to lose his high economic standing. By creating a link between self-interest and national greatness in democracy, Pericles was able to confine personal gain to a realm separate from but dependent on the public interests of the city. By effectively subordinating pursuits for wealth and power and successfully tying self-interest to political justice and cultural advancement, Pericles exemplified the pinnacle of Athenian greatness in the eyes of Thucydides. His ideals emanated the Athenian notion that an empire could be just, and his rule proved this to be true. After Pericles’ funeral oration, Thucydides comments on the succeeding Athenian rulers’ failure to effectively control the population and to convince them to serve the city. With regard to Pericles’ successors, Thucydides states, â€Å"Each grasping at supremacy, they ended by committing even the conduct of state affairs to the whims of the multitude.† (II.65.10) Without a leader as sophisticated and persuasive as Pericles, citizens began to yearn for their personal luxuries rather than the greatness of the state. (II.61.4)The Mytilenian Debate denoted the first step in the decline of Periclean Athens. Competing desires of power and personal interest were symbolic of the strains of war, and the speeches delivered at the debate conveye d a shift away from Pericles’ belief in the benefits of justice and democracy. Cleon, an Athenian statesman and former opponent of Pericles, denied the belief that justice is worthy of praise, and instead argued that praise is due onto those who fully utilize their power, regardless of morality. With regard to the Athenian government, he claims, â€Å"Your empire is a despotism, and your subjects disaffected conspirators, whose obedience is assured not by your suicidal concessions, but by the superiority given you by your strength.† (III.37.2) In Cleon’s conception, Athenian government only functioned because of its immense power and ability to strike fear into its citizens. Justice was of no concern to Cleon, and morality was equivalent to power itself. Although Cleon’s position did not win a majority vote in the Athenian council, it is worth noting, â€Å"the show of hands was almost equal,† proving that the Periclean mindset had been all but aba ndoned or tainted, and would come to slowly disappear altogether. (III.49.1)Several years later, Thucydides detailed a private debate between Athenian generals and Melian statesmen in order to determine the fate of Melos, a small island colony of Sparta. The points put forward by the Athenian generals during the debate were symbolic of the shift away from Periclean Athens, from the idealistic pragmatism of Pericles to the immoral brutal abuse of power that epitomized the latter years of the Peloponnesian War. While the idea that power is irresistible to all men remained constant, the Athenian contention that â€Å"right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must† directly contradicted the justification for expansion put forward by the Athenian citizens at the Second Lacedaemonian Congress. (V.89) Years of war had depleted Athens’ resources and had drained its citizens of their pu rsuit of justice and culture; Athenian motives had undergone a complete turnaround and the beliefs that symbolized Periclean Athens had been destroyed. Power had become Athens’ main interest, and what was best for the city as a whole no longer came into consideration. â€Å"Justice and honor,† the Athenians continued, â€Å"cannot be followed without danger.† (V.107) The hardships and sufferings induced by the war resulted in the ultimate perversion of Pericles’ vision. The final crushing blow to prewar Athenian ideals can be accredited to Alcibiades, whose behavior revealed the complete dissolution of Athens’ cohesive and functional democratic community. Alcibiades’ opinions in favor of self-indulgence and personal advancement was a complete inversion of the logic presented in Pericles’ funeral oration, and the insinuations put forth by Alcibiades’ statements worked against democracy and the original vision of an empire for th e advancement of justice and culture. When faced with the threat of punishment, Alcibiades fled to Sparta to become an advisor to the Spartan oligarchy. Because his campaign in Syracuse had failed, Alcibiades saw his betrayal of Athens as an opportunity to reestablish his own power and wealth. The repercussions of Alcibiades’ defection to Sparta were drastic: his avocation to send the Peloponnesian navies into battle resulted in Athens’ failure in the Sicilian Expedition. (VI.92) Alcibiades, in truth, had no loyalty to Athens at all and instead used his citizenship as a means for attaining power and wealth. It became clear that personal advancement had become the central sentiment in Athens when Alcibiades was elected general (before he fled to Sparta) by the same democratic system he had blatantly corrupted through treason earlier in his political career. Athens had become a city fixated on private interest, and Alcibiades was the epitome of this mentality. Thucydides wrote, â€Å"In peace and prosperity states and individuals have better sentiments†¦but war takes away the easy supply of daily wants and so proves a rough master that brings most men’s characters to a level with their fortunes† (III.82.2). This was precisely the change Athens underwent, and the cause of its eventual demise. Prewar Athens viewed its empire as an effective tool for implementing justice and expanding cultural awareness, but with its economic growth and its leaders’ abuse of power came a people obsessed with self-interest.Works cited: Thucydides. The Landmark Thucydides A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: Free Press, 1998.

Women During World War II - 2442 Words

During World War II, the roles of women have forever been changed. Young men and women decided to marry just before their sweethearts went overseas to fight for their country. As the men fought abroad, we began to see women on the Home Front encouraged to be more independent and finding jobs of their own. These females in the United States stepped up to the plate and began working jobs that many men had before. Women stepped up and began working in factories, participating in organizations in regards to the war, all while still running things smoothly at home. While the men were away for battle, women became proficient cooks and housekeepers, managed the finances, learned to fix the car, worked in a defense plant, and wrote letters to their soldier husbands. Women became dominant in the work force during World War II and we saw the roles of the Hispanic culture specifically go through a huge transformation here in the United States. Many Latino’s were drafted into armed services, which triggered a major migration of Mexicans into the U.S. Mexican-Americans suffered a high amount of racism and bigotry during World War II and it reached a breaking point during the Zoot Suit Riots. The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that took place in East Los Angeles in 1943. Zoot Suiters or â€Å"pacuchos† were the target of U.S. servicemen as they felt that they had a negative affect on the community at a time when the country should be unified. Sailors attacked, terrorized andShow MoreRelatedWomen During World War II1534 Words   |  7 PagesDuring World War I, women stayed at home, aided the Red Cross, and volunteered with churches and civic groups to collect donations. Women s roles in World War II challenged the traditional roles of homemaker and caregiver. Women took on a more active role in the military and held positions alongside men. 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Some of the jobs the women held were Army nurses, Red Cross members, factory work, etc. The United States were one of the few countries that put their women to work and was ridiculed for it. In 1948, President Truman signed t he Women s Armed Services Integration Act which authorized regular and reserve status for women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. These women showed true leadership by becoming leaders in battleRead MoreWomen During World War II1793 Words   |  8 Pages2060 Marilyn Miller Women in World War II Introduction Before World War II, women were the ones customarily responsible for taking care of their houses and children. Typically, they were not allowed to pursue their dreams of having a career in the field of their choosing. It wasn’t until the start of World War II that women were allowed to venture outside of their homes and housekeeping tasks to explore a whole new world of opportunities created by wartime efforts. 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Over these six years, with thousands of men away serving in the armed forces, the women of Germany and England both experienced significant lifestyle changes. Wartime gender roles were largely shaped by the political leaders of each country during the war; German Adolf Hitler led his women down the conservative and traditionalist path while British Winston Churchill embraced female independence and gender

The Change Process Essay - 1364 Words

At the beginning of the change process, a crucial aspect for Ghosn was the importance and the need for an open communication in both directions: from upper management to lower management and vice versa. Before he took over the position of the COO at Nissan, he traveled to Japan to gather information from the lower-level management up to the top-level management. Clampitt, DeKoch, and Cushman outlined different communication strategies, which can be found in Ghosn’s communication style. They authors defined the communication strategies based on â€Å"communication effectiveness† and â€Å"amount of informational transmitted† and emphasized that leaders can use the strategies simultaneously (Palmer et al., 2009, p. 305). In the case of Nissan, Ghosn followed the device of transparency to regain credibility, and thus he transmitted an enormous amount of information. Furthermore, the communication effectiveness was middle to high since Ghosn provided detailed information to the people involved in the change. He wanted to avoid confusions, and thus he shared a maximum of information (Hughes et al., 2003, p. 6). Ghosn also engaged people being a part of the change discussion, as an example: He defined the CFTs, which had the challenge to identify the change actions and obstacles. Thus, Ghosn’s communication strategy (at least based on the case study) was a mix of â€Å"tell and sell† and â€Å"underscore and explore† (Palmer et al., 2009, p. 306). Plamer et al. (2009) introduced various questions,Show MoreRelatedHow Change Is A Process1623 Words   |  7 PagesChange is a process. The diagram shows how change can be broken into three sequential states, however the length of this process will be determined by factors such as the extent or degree of change involved. 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Inferring Relative Permeability from Resistivity Well Logging free essay sample

Inferring Relative Permeability from Resistivity Well Logging Introduction Permeability is a chattel of a spongy medium that measures the capacity of a substance to transmit fluids. Generally, permeability that is applied in petroleum industry is steady in Darcy’s flow equation which compares pressure gradient, flow rate and fluid properties. However, a formation has permeability regardless if the fluid is flowing or not, and as result, a straight measurement of permeability necessitates a dynamic procedure rather than a static procedure. In the past, well logs have been used to approximate permeability through correlations that is linked to a general logged property called porosity. Perm-porosity correlations are formed from interior and changes to well log porosity. In most cases, these correlations are semilog in nature; that is in form of y = axb. The other correlations try to approximate effectual perm by including irreducible petroleum saturation approximated from Archie’s equation and resistivity logs. We will write a custom essay sample on Inferring Relative Permeability from Resistivity Well Logging or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Majority of well logging environments are normally in static states, where incursion of mud filtrate into the permeable formations which concludes after the well is logged. One of the significant factors in geothermal reservoir engineering is steam-water relative permeability. However, it is not easier to measure steam-water relative permeability due to phase transformation and mass transfer as pressure changes. There are some physicians who argued that steam-water relative permeability can be calculated from the data of capillary pressure. This method gives an easier and an economical approach to get steam-water relative permeability when contrasted with experimental method. The demerit side of this method is the necessity of measuring the steam-water capillary pressure that can consume a lot of time and also been difficult in most cases. Consequently, it’s beneficial for scientists and engineers to have a technique in order to conjecture steam-water relative permeability from resistivity information as it is easier to calculate and obtain the information of resistivity from well logging. Here is a study of a semianalytical model which is formed in order to infer relative permeability from resistivity information. The correlation betwixt resistivity index and relative permeability is derived in this way. The theory behind this is the relationship betwixt electricity flow in a conductive body and fluid flow in a porous medium. Calculation of the wetting-phase relative permeability: The conductance of a permeable medium at a water saturation of 100% is: Ga = 1/Ro (1) Where Ro = the resistivity of a water saturation of 100% Ga = the conductance of a permeable medium at a water saturation of 100% The conductance of a permeable medium at a certain water saturation of S, is: Gw = 1/Ri (2) Where Ri = the resistivity Gw is the conductance at exact water saturation of Sw As noted from similarity theory betwixt electric flow and fluid flow, the relative permeability of the wetting phase may be calculated using the following equation: Krw = Gw = Ro = 1 (3) Ga Ri I Where I = resistivity index Krw = the relative permeability of the wetting phase. From Archie’s equation, the following equation applies: I = Ri = (Sw)? n (4) Ro Where n = the Archie’s saturation exponent. When water saturate up to 100%, it is known that I=1, therefore the value of Krw =0, which means that (I) moves toward infinity as noted from the third equation. However, it is clearly known that the value (I) don’t move toward perpetuity at the outstanding water saturation. Thus the value of Krw calculated in the third equation is bigger than zero, which isn’t unswerving with physical surveillance. Also, you can expect a greater value when the relative permeability of wetting phase is calculated using the third equation. This is because that the resistivity counts the average volumetric properties of the pore bodies in a porous medium whereas permeability counts the properties of pore throats. This is the reason why you can also obtain porosity through resistivity well logging but not permeability. For example, the following problem can be considered by modifying equation 3 as follows: Krw = Sw – Swr 1 1 Swr I(5) Where Swr = the residual saturation of the wetting phase. From equation 5, Krw = 1 at Sw = 100%, and Krw = 0 at Sw = Swr, which is reasonable. The fifth equation can also be expressed as follows: Krw = Sw 1 (6) I Where Sw = the normalized saturation of the wetting phase and it’s expressed as follows: Sw = Sw – Swr (7) 1 Swr The relative permeability of wetting phase can be calculated using the 6 equation from the resistivity index data soon the residual saturation of wetting phase is obtained. You should note that the residual saturation of the wetting phase may be accessed from the experimental measurement of resistivity. Calculation of the nonwetting-phase relative permeability The wetting-phase relative permeability can be calculated using the Purcell approach: Krw = (Sw) 2 + ? ? (8 Where ? = the pore size distribution index and may be calculated from the data of capillary pressure. After obtaining the relative permeability curve of the wetting phase using equation six, the value of ? may be inferred using equation eight. The relative permeability of the nonwetting phase may be calculated after obtaining the value of ?. below is the equation: Kmw = (1 Sw)? 1-(Sw) 2 + ? ? It can be observed that the whole relative permeability set (wetting and nonwetting phases) might be inferred from the data of resistivity index using equations six and nine. Conclusion A Darcy, the fundamental unit of permeability in Petroleum Engineering, is defined as the permeability that is required to flow 1 cc/s of a fluid of 1 cp a distance of 1 cm through a cross-sectional area of 1 sq. cm. with a pressure drop of 1 atm. The key word is â€Å"flow†. Consequently, by definition the calculation of permeability must be dynamic. Even though a core without flow has a value of permeability, it not measurable without fluid flow. The correlations of permeability with porosity and water saturation are limited because of the portion of the porous media that dominates permeability; porosity and water saturation are different. Permeability is dominated by the smallest restrictions to flow, the pore throats. Porosity and water saturation are dominated by the volume within the pore bodies, not the pore throats. Hence, correlations for permeability are inherently limited when correlating to porosity and water saturation or any other rock property that is strongly influenced by any part of the porous media other than the pore throat ( Lehr and Lehr, 2000). Work Cited American Institute of Mining, Technology and Engineering, University of California, 2010. Jay H. Lehr and Janet K. Lehr, Environmental science, Health and Technology, New York: Macmillan Press. National Petroleum Council, Impact of New Technology on U.. S Petroleum Industry, Washington: Sage Press, 2000.